Dr. Ce ZHU

IEEE Fellow 

ChangJiang Distinguished Professor

Dean, Glasgow College

University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)

Email: eczhu@uestc.edu.cn

Biography
Honors & Awards
Research Grants as PI
Professional Activities
Keynote/Invited Talks
Teaching
Standardization Proposals
& Patents
Publications

1. Biography

        Ce ZHU is a ChangJiang (Cheung Kong) Distinguished Professor at the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), China, and currently serves as the Dean of Glasgow College, UESTC, which is a joint school between the University of Glasgow, UK and UESTC, China. He also leads the Lab of Advanced Visual Communication & Computing as the Founding Director. He was with Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, for 14 years from 1998 to 2012, where he was a Research Fellow, a Program Manager, an Assistant Professor and then promoted to an Associate Professor in 2005. He also held visiting positions at Queen Mary University of London (UK) in 2008, and Nagoya University (Japan) in 2011. Before that, he pursued postdoctoral research at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, in 1995, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, and the University of Melbourne, Australia, from 1996 to 1998. He received the B.S. degree from Sichuan University, Chengdu, China, in 1989, and the M.Eng and Ph.D. degrees from Southeast University, Nanjing, China, in 1992 and 1994, respectively, all in electronic and information engineering.

      His research interest lies in the general areas of visual information processing, multimedia signal processing and systems, specializing in image/video coding and communications, 3D video, visual analysis, perception and applications. He has authored or co-authored around 300 publications, which have received 9600+ citations (H-index: 54) in Google Scholar. As a lead editor, he has edited three books and contributed five book chapters. He co-authored a book entitled “Tensor Computation for Data Analysis” (Springer) released in 2021. He has filed 110+ patents (86 granted with 4 transferred). He has also contributed 70+ proposals (36 adopted) to the JVET, JCT-3V, MPEG IVC, and AVS2 standardizations (mainly on encoding optimization, with proposed techniques adopted in the standard reference software). He has been a Principal Investigator for a number of R&D projects (funded by government and industry) on image/video coding, communications and processing.

        Prof. Zhu has served on the editorial boards of eight journals, including as an Associate Editor of  IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,  IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, IEEE Signal Processing Letters, an Editor of IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, an Area Editor of Signal Processing: Image Communication (Elsevier), an Associate Editor of Multidimensional Systems and Signal Processing (Springer), and an Editorial Board Member of Multimedia Tools and Applications (Springer). He has also served as a Guest Editor of a few special issues in international journals, including as a Guest Editor in the IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing. He has served a number of international conferences, including IEEE BMSB 2021 as the General Chair, and IEEE ICME 2017 as a Technical Program Chair, at both of which he received Outstanding Leadership Award. He also served as a member of IEEE ICME Steering Committee (2019-2020). He has given three-hour tutorials at international conferences, including at the IEEE ISCAS 2015, IEEE VCIP 2014, PCM 2014, and has also been invited to deliver keynote speeches at a dozen of international conferences.

       He is a Co-Chair of the Interest Group of Multimedia Processing for Communications (MPCIG) of Technical Committee on Multimedia Communications (MMTC), IEEE ComSoc, and a Chair of Special Interest Group on Big Multimedia of Technical Committee on Multimedia Computing, IEEE Computer Society. He was an elected member of the Multimedia Signal Processing Technical Committee (MMSP-TC, 2015-2020), the Chair of Webmaster Subcommittee of MMSP-TC, IEEE SPS, and an elected member of the Multimedia Systems and Applications Technical Committee (MSA-TC, 2004-2012, 2015-2023), IEEE CASS.

        He is a Fellow of the IEEE (2017, “for contributions to video coding and communications”), and a Fellow of the IET (2014). He was a Distinguished Lecturer of both the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society (2019-2020) and the IEEE Broadcast Technology Society (2012-2019). He is also an APSIPA Distinguished Lecturer (2021-2022). He has received two Best Paper Awards (IEEE BMSB 2014, IIH-MSP 2013), a Best Paper Runner Up Award (IEEE ICME 2020), and three Best Student Paper Awards (IEEE BMSB 2018, IEEE ICME 2017, MobiMedia 2011). He has been ranked among the Most Cited Chinese Researchers by Elsevier each year in the latest six years since 2017. He has also been ranked World’s Top 2% Scientists since 2020, released by Stanford University.

2. Honors & Awards

  • 2021-2022, Distinguished Lecturer, Asia Pacific Signal Processing and Information Processing Association (APSIPA)
  • 2021, Outstanding Leadership Award, IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB), Chengdu, China, Aug. 2021
  • 2021, Fellow, China Institute of Communications (CIC)
  • 2021, Fellow, Asia-Pacific Artificial Intelligence Association (AAIA)
  • 2019 – 2020, Distinguished Lecturer, IEEE Circuits and Systems Society
  • 2020,Science and Technology Achievement Award (2nd Prize), China Instrument and Control Society
  • 2018, Science and Technology Achievement Award (2nd prize),  China Society of Image and Graphics
  • 2018, ChangJiang (Cheung Kong) Professorship of 2017, Ministry of Education of China (also known as “ChangJiang Scholars Program” Distinguished Professorship, the highest academic award issued to an individual in higher education by the Ministry of Education of China)
  • 2017-2022,  Most Cited Chinese Researchers (each year in the latest six years),  Elsevier
  • 2017, IEEE Fellow, “for contributions to video coding and communications”
  • 2017, Outstanding Leadership Award, IEEE International Conference on Multimedia & Expo (ICME), Hong Kong, July 2017
  • 2014, Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)
  • 2012 – 2019, Distinguished Lecturer, IEEE Broadcast Technology Society
  • 2010, Special Service Award, IEEE Broadcast Technology Society
  • 2010, JSPS Scientist Exchange Programme, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
  • 2008, Tan Chin Tuan Exchange Fellowship, in Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, & Queen Mary University of London, UK
  • 2007, Research Outstanding and Award Recognition, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore2017-2022,  Most Cited Chinese Researchers (each year in the latest six years),  Elsevier

Paper Awards & Distinctions

  1. Best Paper Award (out of 663 submissions), IEEE International Conference on High Performance Computing & Communications (HPCC 2022), Chengdu, China, Dec. 2022
    • F. Liu, C. Zeng, L. Zhang, Y. Zhou, Q. Mu, Y. Zhang, L. Zhang and C. Zhu, “FedTADBench: Federated Time-Series Anomaly Detection Benchmark,” IEEE International Conference on High Performance Computing & Communications (HPCC), Chengdu, China, Dec. 2022.
  2. Best Demo Award, The 24th IEEE International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP 2022), Shanghai, China, Sept. 2022
    • X. Lin, Y. Zhou, Y. Liu, C. Zhu, “Long-term Visual Localization Using Illumination Insensitive Descriptors,” IEEE International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP 2022), Shanghai, China, Sept. 2022.
  3. Best Paper Runner Up Award (out of 834 submissions), IEEE International Conference of Multimedia and Expo (ICME 2020), London, UK, July 2020
    • Z. Zha, B. Wen, X. Yuan, J. Zhou, C. Zhu, “Reconciliation of Group Sparsity and Low-rank models for Image Restoration,” IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), London, UK, July 2020.
  4. Best Student Paper Award (out of 161 submissions) , IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB 2018), Valencia, Spain, June 2018
    • S. Song, Y. Lin, H. Guo, C. Zhu, J. Zheng, Y. Gao, “Improved Template-Matching-based FRUC Method in Inter-Frame Video Coding,” IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB), Valencia, Spain, June 2018.
  5. Best Student Paper Award (out of 850 submissions), IEEE International Conference on Multimedia & Expo, Hong Kong, July 2017
    • X. Li, M. Ye, Y. Liu, C. Zhu, “Memory-based Pedestrian Detection Through Sequence Learning,” IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), Hong Kong, July 2017.
  6. Finalists (top two) for the IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting Best Paper Award (Scott Helt Memorial Award)
    • C. Zhu, S. Li, “Depth Image Based View Synthesis: New Insights and Perspectives on Hole Generation and Filling,” IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 82-93, Mar. 2016
  7. Best Paper Award (out of 154 submissions), IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB 2014), Beijing, China
    • C. Zhu, S. Li, “Multiple Reference Views for Hole Reduction in DIBR View Synthesis,” IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB), Beijing, China, June 2014.
  8. Best Paper Award (out of 270 submissions), 9th International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (IIH-MSP 2013), Beijing, China, Oct. 2013
    • C. Zhu, S. Li, “A New Perspective on Hole Generation and Filling in DIBR based View Synthesis,” International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (IIH-MSP), Beijing, China, Oct. 2013.
  9. Best Student Paper Award, International ICST Conference on Mobile Multimedia Communications (MobiMedia 2011), Calgari, Italy, September 2011
    • Y. Xu, and C. Zhu, “Multiple Description Coded Video Streaming with Multipath Transport in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks,” International ICST Conference on Mobile Multimedia Communications (MobiMedia), Cagliari, Italy, Sept. 2011.

Most cited papers:

  1. The most cited paper in IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology in 2002
    • C. Zhu, X. Lin, L.P. Chau, “Hexagon-Based Search Pattern for Fast Block Motion Estimation,” IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 349-355, May. 2002.
  2. The most cited paper in IEEE Journal of Translational Engineering in Health and Medicine in 2019
    • L. Ali, C. Zhu, Z. Zhang, Y. Liu, “Automated Detection of Parkinson’s Disease Based on Multiple Types of Sustained Phonations using Linear Discriminant Analysis and Genetically Optimized Neural Network,” IEEE Journal of Translational Engineering in Health and Medicine, vol. 7, pp. 1-10, Oct. 2019.
  3. The most cited paper in IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing in 2020
    • Y. Zhou, L. Tian, C. Zhu, X. Jin, Y. Sun, “Video Coding Optimization for Virtual Reality 360-Degree Source,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 118-129, Jan. 2020.

3. Research Grants as PI (Selected in recent years)

  1. National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC): Key Project for international collaboration
    • High Efficiency Coding and High Quality Reconstruction for Dynamic Light Field, 2021/01 – 2025/12
  2. National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC): Key Project with regional joint funding
    • Intelligent Joint Coding of Multi-Source and Wide-Area Surveillance Data on Airport Ground, 2020/01 – 2023/12
  3. National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC): Regular Project
    • Rate-Distortion Optimization in 3D Video Coding & Communications, 2016/01 – 2019/12
  4. National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC): Project for International Collaboration
    • 3D Video Quality Assessment, 2013/01 – 2014/12
  5. Industry projects (funded by Huawei, Google, etc.)
    • Perceptual Quality Assessment for Mobile Video Games (2020 – 2021)
    • Video Conferencing Optimization (2020 – 2021)
    • Temporally Dependent Rate-Distortion Optimization in Video Coding (2019 -)
    • Object Detection and Tracking in Thermal-Visible Video (2018 – 2020)
    • Investigation on H.266 Video Coding (2016 – 2018)
    • Exploring New Generation Video Coding (2014 – 2015)
    • Video Conferencing Optimization (2020 – 2021): The developed rate-distortion optimized video codec has been successfully deployed in the YiXin video conferencing App, with over 558,000 downloads.

4. Professional Activities

Journal Editorship

  • Associate Editor, Frontiers in Signal Processing – Image Processing, 2021 – present
  • Associate Editor, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 2016 – 2020
  • Associate Editor, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 2013 – 2017
  • Editor, IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 2012 – 2015
  • Associate Editor, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, 2010 – present
  • Associate Editor, IEEE Signal Processing Letters, 2010 – 2016
  • Area Editor, Signal Processing: Image Communication (Elsevier), 2011 – present
  • Editorial Board Member, Multimedia Tools and Applications (Springer), 2009 – present
  • Associate Editor, Multidimensional Systems and Signal Processing (Springer), 2009 – 2014
  • Guest Editor:
    • IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, Special Issue on “Perception-driven 360-degree Video Processing”, Jan. 2020
    • Signal Processing: Image Communication (Elsevier), Special Issue on “Visual Information Processing for Underwater Images and Videos: Theories, Algorithms, and Applications”, Dec. 2020
    • Signal Processing: Image Communication (Elsevier), Special Issue on “Deep Learning with Applications to Visual Representation and Analysis”, Sept. 2016
    • EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking (Springer), Special Issue on “Cooperative Source and Channel Communications for Wireless Networks”, July 2012
    • Advances in Artificial Intelligence (Hindawi), Special Issue on “Machine Learning Paradigms for Modeling Spatial and Temporal Information in Multimedia Data Mining”, Dec. 2010.

Committee Membership

  • Steering Committee Member, IEEE International Conference on Multimedia & Expo (ICME), 2019-2020
  • Elected Member, Multimedia Signal Processing Technical Committee (MMSP-TC), IEEE Signal Processing Society, 2015-2020 (for two consecutiveterms)
  • Chair, Webmaster Subcommittee of MMSP-TC, IEEE Signal Processing Society, 2016-2020
  • Elected Member, Multimedia Systems and Applications Technical Committee(MSA-TC), IEEE Circuits and Systems Society, 2004-2012, 2015-2023 (for two terms)
  • Chair, Special Interest Group on Big Multimedia (SIGBIGMM) of Technical Committee on Multimedia Computing, IEEE Computer Society, 2015-present
  • Co-Chair, IEEE MMTC Interest Group of Multimedia Processing for Communications, IEEE Communications Society, 2014-present

Conference Service (Selected in the recent years)

  • General Chair, IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting (BMSB 2021), Chengdu, China, August 2021
  • General Chair, The 5th International Conference on Image, Vision and Computing (ICIVC), Beijing, China, July 2020
  • Technical Program Chair, IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME 2020), London, UK, July 2020
  • Award Committee Member, IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP 2019), Taipei, Taiwan, Sept. 2019
  • Technical Program Co-Chair, The 23rd International Conference on Digital Signal Processing (DSP 2018), Shanghai, China, Nov. 2018
  • Technical Program Chair, IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Postgraduate Research in Microelectronics and Electronics (PrimeAsia 2018), Chengdu, China, Oct. 2018
  • Technical Program Chair, IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME 2017), Hong Kong, July 2017
  • Program Committee Chair, The 8th International Conference on Image and Graphics (ICIG), Tianjin, China, Aug. 2015
  • Technical Program Chair, The 3rd IEEE China Summit and International Conference on Signal and Information Processing (ChinaSIP), Chengdu, China, July 2015
  • Program Co-Chair, The 21st International Packet Video Workshop (PV 2015), Cairns, Australia, June 2015
  • Award Committee Member, IEEE International Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing (MMSP 2015), Xiamen, China, Oct. 2015

Others

  1. Executive Board Member (常务理事), China Society of Image and Graphics (CSIG), 2020-2025. http://www.csig.org.cn/list/zhuyaolingdao
  2. Grants/Awards Assessor for National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), Ministry of Science & Technology (MOST), Ministry of Education (MOE), China; Australian Research Council (ARC), Australia; National Science and Technology Board (NSTB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), and Ministry of Education (MOE), Singapore
  3. PhD Thesis Examiner & Committee Member/Chair for INSA de Rennes (PhD & HDR), France; University of Liverpool, UK; University of Southern Queensland, Australia; The Australian National University, Australia; Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China and a number of universities (e.g., Zhejiang Univesity, Sichuan University, Southwest Jiaotong University, UESTC), China
  4. External Assessor for the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 2012 

5. Keynote/Invited Talks (Selected in recent years)

  1. “Towards Global Rate Distortion Optimization in Video Coding: Challenges & Recent Developments,” The 6th International Conference on UK-China Emerging Technologies (UCET 2021), Chengdu, China, Nov. 2021. [Keynote]
  2. “Substitute Training for Black-Box Adversarial Attacks,” The 7th Euro-China Conference on Intelligent Data Analysis and Applications (ECC 2021), Hangzhou, China, May. 2021. [Keynote]
  3. “Substitute Training for Adversarial Attacks-Is Real Training Data Really Necessary?” The 4th International Conference on Image and Graphics Processing (ICIGP 2021), Sanya, China, Jan. 2021. [Keynote]
  4. “Rate Distortion Optimization in Video Coding: from Local to Global,” The 5th International Conference on Communication and Image and Signal Processing (CCISP 2020), Chengdu, China, Nov. 2020. [Keynote]
  5. “Temporal dependency Based Bit Allocation for Rate Control in HEVC,” The 5th International Conference on Multimedia and Image Processing (ICMIP 2020), Nanjing, China, Jan. 2020. [Keynote]
  6. “Deep Learning for In-Loop Filter Design in HEVC – Learning to Optimize Video Coding,” The 11th International Conference on Graphics and Image Processing (ICGIP), Hangzhou, China, October 2019. [Keynote]
  7. “Towards Global Rate Distortion Optimization in Video Coding: Recent Developments”, IEEE CASS Distinguished Lecture, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, jointly organized by IEEE CAS Singapore Chapter & NTU, 7 2019.
  8. “Deep Learning for In-Loop Filter Design in HEVC”, NTU Workshop on “Machine Learning and Its Applications”, NTU, Singapore, Aug. 2019. [Invited Talk]
  9. “Image Ordinal Estimation based on CNNs,” Forum on Recent Advances in Image and Graphics, Lanzhou, China, organized by China Society of Image and Graphics (CSIG), June 2019. [Plenary/Invited Talk] (in Chinese)
  10. “Towards Global Rate Distortion Optimization in Video Coding: Recent Developments”, IEEE CASS Distinguished Lecture, INSA Rennes, France, organized by IEEE France Section, 28 2019.
  11. “Towards Global Rate Distortion Optimization in Video Coding” Forum of ChangJiang Scholars on Information Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Nov. 2018. [Plenary/Invited Talk] (in Chinese)
  12. “Visual Distortion Detection and Reduction in 3D Video: Recent Advances,” International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (ISAIR), Nanjing, China, November 2018. [Keynote]
  13. “Depth Image Based View Synthesis: New Insights and Perspectives on Hole Generation and Filling,” The 3rd International Conference on Multimedia and Image Processing (ICMIP 2018), Guiyang, China, March 2018. [Keynote]
  14. “Depth Image Based View Synthesis in 3D Video,” The 2nd International Conference on Image, Vision and Computing (ICIVC), Chengdu, China, June 2017. [Keynote]
  15. “Towards Global Rate Distortion Optimization in Video Coding: Recent Advances​”, Asia-Pacific Signal and Information Processing Association Annual Summit and Conference (APSIPA ASC), Jeju, Korea, December 2016. [Invited Talk]
  16. Panel discussion of “Meeting Journal Editors”, IEEE Signal and Data Science Forum (SIDAS), Wuhan, China, April 2016 [Panelist Talk]
  17. “Towards Global Rate Distortion Optimization in Video Coding,” IEEE BTS Distinguished Lecture, Sungkyunkwan University, Korea, organized by IEEE BTS Seoul Chapter, 2015.
  18. “Visual Distortion Detection and Reduction in 3D Video,” International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (IIH-MSP), Adelaide, Australia, Sept. 2015. [Keynote]
  19. “3D-TV System with Depth-Image-Based Rendering: Towards High Quality 3D Video,” International Conference on Industrial, Engineering & Other Applications of Applied Intelligent Systems (IEA-AIE), Kaohsiung, Taiwan, June 2014. [Keynote]

3-hour Tutorials

  • “3D Video System with Depth-Image-Based Rendering: from multi-view video to depth-based 3D video”, IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 2015), Lisbon, Portugal, May 2015.
  • “Depth-Based 3D Video Techniques: Content Generation and Quality Assessment”, IEEE Visual Communications and Image Processing Conference (VCIP 2014), Valletta, Malta, Dec. 2014.
  • “Depth-Based 3D Video Techniques and Systems”, 15th Annual Pacific-Rim Conference on Multimedia (PCM 2014), Sarawak, Malaysia, Dec. 2014
  • “3D-TV System with Depth-Image-Based Rendering”, 2nd International Workshop on Video Coding and Video Processing (VCVP), Shenzhen, China, Jan. 2014.

6. Teaching & Supervision

Courses taught

Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore: 2001-2012

  • EE4478 Digital Video Processing (undergraduate course, course coordinator)
  • EE6403 Distributed Multimedia Systems (postgraduate course)
  • EE6427 Video Signal Processing (postgraduate course, course coordinator)
  • E6426 Image Processing and Pattern Recognition (postgraduate course)
  • E6326 Digital Television Systems (postgraduate course)
  • Developed and conducted the online Distance Education (Pilot) course “Distributed Multimedia Systems” for postgraduate (master and PhD) students: video lecture recording, chunking/segmentation of the recordedlecture, design & preparation of weekly online learning activity, weekly online synchronous meeting with students.
  • Conducted design courses, tutorials, projects and labs for undergraduate students
  • Developed materials for EID (Engineering Innovation and Design) projects

University of Electronic Science and Technology of China: since 2014

  • UESTC3007 Signals & Systems (3rd-year undergraduate course in English) at the UoG-UESTC Joint School (UoG: University of Glasgow, UK), including the development of course specification and syllabus, lectures, lab & project design
  • E0200345 Signals & Systems (2nd-year undergraduate course, bilingual course)
  • 0111117001 Academic Writing (postgraduate course)

Others

  1. Executive Board Member (常务理事), China Society of Image and Graphics (CSIG), 2020-2025. http://www.csig.org.cn/list/zhuyaolingdao
  2. Grants/Awards Assessor for National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), Ministry of Science & Technology (MOST), Ministry of Education (MOE), China; Australian Research Council (ARC), Australia; National Science and Technology Board (NSTB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), and Ministry of Education (MOE), Singapore
  3. PhD Thesis Examiner & Committee Member/Chair for INSA de Rennes (PhD & HDR), France; University of Liverpool, UK; University of Southern Queensland, Australia; The Australian National University, Australia; Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China and a number of universities (e.g., Zhejiang Univesity, Sichuan University, Southwest Jiaotong University, UESTC), China
  4. External Assessor for the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, 2012